Protocols ni *kanuni* zinazofanya kompyuta ziungane bila mzozo.
- *TCP/IP* — Huratibu jinsi data inavyogawanyika sehemu ndogo (packets) na kutumwa.
- *HTTP/HTTPS* — Jinsi browsers huomba data kutoka kwenye servers.
📌 HTTPS ina “s” ya *secure* — ina maana data imefichwa (*encrypted*).
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*4. Servers na Clients*
- *Server* — Kompyuta yenye kuhifadhi data (mf: website).
- *Client* — Kompyuta au simu inayoomba data kutoka server.
Mfano: Wakati unatumia browser kutafta = client → server → response.
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*5. IP Address*
Ni namba ya kipekee kwa kila kifaa kuweza kutambulika mtandaoni, kama vile:
*192.168.1.101*
Au kwa IPv6: *2001:0db8:85a3::ac1f:8001*
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📶 *SEASON 2: Jinsi Internet Inavyofanya Kazi*
*6. Domain Name na DNS*
- *Domain Name* ni jina kama *google.com*
- *DNS (Domain Name System)* inawezeshwa kutafsiri domain kuwa IP.
Mfano:
User → Google.com → DNS → 142.250.72.206 → Server reply
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*7. Modem & Router*
- *Modem* — Hubadilisha ishara ya mtandao kutoka ISP ikawa data simu/computer inaimudu.
- *Router* — Inagawa mtandao kwa vifaa vingi (Wi‑Fi).
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*8. Bandwidth na Speed*
- *Bandwidth* ni uwezo wa internet kusaidia *data per second*.
- *Speed* ni kasi halisi unayopata wakati wa kutazama/ku‑download.
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*9. LAN vs WAN*
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